Принципы построения локальных и распределённых сетей

Локальные сети (LAN)

Локальная сеть (LAN) объединяет компьютеры и устройства в пределах ограниченной географической области, такой как дом, офис или группа зданий. Основные характеристики:

  • Высокая скорость передачи данных
  • Низкая задержка
  • Ограниченная географическая область

Распределённые сети (WAN)

Распределённая сеть (WAN) охватывает большие географические области, соединяя локальные сети через интернет или другие глобальные сети. Основные характеристики:

  • Большая географическая область
  • Более низкая скорость передачи данных по сравнению с LAN
  • Использование маршрутизаторов и других сетевых устройств для соединения различных сегментов сети

Стек протоколов TCP/IP

Уровни стека TCP/IP

Стек протоколов TCP/IP состоит из четырёх уровней, каждый из которых выполняет определённые функции:

  1. Прикладной уровень (Application Layer)

    • Протоколы: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
    • Функции: Обеспечение взаимодействия между приложениями и пользователями, предоставление интерфейсов для передачи данных

  2. Транспортный уровень (Transport Layer)

    • Протоколы: TCP, UDP
    • Функции: Обеспечение надежной передачи данных, управление потоком и контроль ошибок

  3. Сетевой уровень (Network Layer)

    • Протоколы: IP, ICMP, ARP
    • Функции: Маршрутизация данных между узлами сети, определение оптимальных маршрутов

  4. Канальный уровень (Link Layer)

    • Протоколы: Ethernet, PPP
    • Функции: Обеспечение физической передачи данных между устройствами, управление доступом к среде передачи

Функции основных протоколов стека TCP/IP

  • HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Используется для передачи гипертекстовых документов в интернете.
  • FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Протокол для передачи файлов между клиентом и сервером.
  • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Протокол для отправки электронной почты.
  • DNS (Domain Name System): Протокол для преобразования доменных имен в IP-адреса.
  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Обеспечивает надежную передачу данных с контролем ошибок и управлением потоком.
  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Обеспечивает быструю передачу данных без гарантии доставки.
  • IP (Internet Protocol): Отвечает за адресацию и маршрутизацию пакетов данных.
  • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Используется для передачи сообщений об ошибках и диагностической информации.
  • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Протокол для сопоставления IP-адресов с физическими адресами устройств.
  • Ethernet: Протокол канального уровня для передачи данных в локальных сетях.
  • PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Протокол для установления прямого соединения между двумя узлами сети.

Надеемся, что наш сайт поможет вам лучше понять принципы работы сетей и протоколов TCP/IP!

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Авторадио

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  • SELECT COUNT(`c`.`id`) AS count_items FROM `sum_content` AS `c` WHERE `c`.`state` = 1423μs536B/modules/mod_stats/src/Helper/StatsHelper.php:100Copy
  • SELECT SUM(`hits`) AS count_hits FROM `sum_content` WHERE `state` = 1587μs536B/modules/mod_stats/src/Helper/StatsHelper.php:128Copy
  • SELECT `element`,`name`,`client_id`,`extension_id` FROM `sum_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'language' AND `state` = 0 AND `enabled` = 1599μs784B/libraries/src/Language/LanguageHelper.php:250Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `sum_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 11.07ms1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `sum_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?535μs1KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:277Copy
  • UPDATE `sum_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?3.49ms592BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:301Copy